Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Budgets

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

How to Write an Enduring Issues Essay Expert Help from Professionals

The most effective method to Write an Enduring Issues Essay Expert Help from Professionals The most effective method to Write an Enduring Issues Essay All understudies must realize how to compose a suffering issues exposition. Peruse our suggestions and rules to improve the nature of your scholarly work. The most effective method to Improve Your Enduring Issues Essay Writing Tip #1: Choosing an Ensuring Issue and Creating a Thesis Statement One of the main activities is picking a suffering issue you need to investigate in your paper. Pick an issue that is all around investigated. Thusly, you will discover enough proof to help your position. Find at any rate three solid archives identified with your preferred suffering issue. Sweep them and disconnect the most significant data. Use it to build up a theory proclamation. You can't compose an ideal suffering issues paper in the event that you don't make a convincing proposal. It is unequivocally prudent that you compose your article as a factious paper. Your proposition ought to turn into the last sentence of the presentation. Audit the models underneath to figure a proposition identified with your picked suffering issue: The suffering issue of yearning and neediness influences a large number of individuals on the planet, and just an aggregate arrangement exertion can calm the weight of appetite and asset shortage confronting people. Radicalism and strictness have consistently been the two guaranteeing issues for individuals, and the 21st century ought to turn into the hour of fitting arrangements, to secure the lives of individuals and make a space for constant advancement into what's to come. Human dealing is a suffering issue that influences people the same, and nations of the world ought to join around the objectives of human rights insurance and government assistance advancement to give however many individuals as would be prudent an opportunity to maintain a strategic distance from the chains of detainment. It would be ideal if you recall that you can pick among various suffering issues. You can likewise consider settled issues. In either case, you should give convincing proof that the issue is noteworthy and merits consideration. You should clarify how your preferred issue has suffered across existence. For example, human dealing presumably existed for quite a long time and took various structures. In any case, it isn't until the start of the 21st century that it turned into a matter of worldwide concern. How could it occur? You should compose it in your suffering issues article. Â Tip #2: Gather Information from Multiple Sources How to compose a suffering issues exposition? You should gather broad data from outside sources. You should examine many records to help your proposal articulation and guard your position. Ensure that you have a great deal of significant data from different sources. Consolidate it into your contention. Else, it will be feeble and uncertain. Anything will work. For instance, you might need to check memorable archives that delineate the examples of sex connections and conjugal associations prompting human dealing. You may likewise need to find chronicled reports, which feature the changing impression of strictness and radicalism in the public arena. Try not to repeat evident things! Your educators are not dumb. They need to perceive how you utilize your systematic brain to create a ground-breaking suffering issues exposition! Tip #3:â Bringing Together Analysis, Argumentation, and Impact As you take a gander at a suffering issues article model, you will recollect your folks or your educators revealing to you that quality is a higher priority than amount. Notwithstanding, with regards to a suffering issues exposition, both quality and amount assume a job. You should gather broad proof. Nonetheless, you should be certain that this proof is of verifiably high caliber. Try not to spare a moment to incorporate important subtleties! Give bits of knowledge into the nature and unpredictability of the suffering issue you are thinking about in your work. For instance, in the event that you choose to talk about the human dealing issue referenced above, you can follow two distinct pathways. Human dealing has been an issue for quite a long time and hundreds of years; instances of rights infringement were enrolled over the world. This appears as though two sentences, clearly very much figured to communicate the principle thought of your suffering issues exposition. Notwithstanding, they are insufficient to introduce a convincing and drawing in contention. They don't make a setting for examination and argumentation. They basically express some basic truth. Rather, you ought to develop these two sentences and fuse proof from outside sources. The outcome is this: Human dealing speaks to a bunch of components that open people to the dangers of wellbeing harm and human rights infringement. As indicated by Document 1, human dealing was an issue during old occasions. Despite the fact that it was by all account not the only route for administering gatherings to apply their effect on occupants, it was a predominant instrument practiced by individuals of capacity to accomplish their soldier of fortune objectives. The Declaration of Human Rights makes a setting for the examination of human dealing and related infringement. The start of the 21st century connotes another period in human battles to diminish the quantity of individuals who experience the ill effects of human rights infringement. In this answer, you see proof from different sources. It additionally talks about how the issue advanced after some time. Tip #4:Â Analysis Is More Important than Summary As you have seen, in your suffering issues exposition you should show how the issue has persevered across hundreds of years. You will likewise need to give proof of its effects on individuals. Here, you may likewise need to talk about how individuals changed the advancement of the issue or attempted to determine it before. This is the reason it is so critical to examine instead of sum up outside data. Your sections ought to have a point sentence each and they should all be connected to the focal suffering issue. Need to realize how to compose a suffering issues exposition? Don't simply sum up the data. A straightforward rundown will procure you only C. Be basic. Break down data. Offer the consequences of your examination with the crowd. Try not to cover realities, however be mindful when you present data from various sources, especially on the off chance that it is conflicting. In the event that you need to know the mystery of fruitful composition, it is straightforward, and it is here: dissect, break down, investigate. Try not to sum up.

Essay Topics For Fashion Essay Topic

Essay Topics For Fashion Essay TopicWhen writing an essay, fashion essay topics range from the famous people to important social issues of the day. You can write on topics of fashion, like; body image, clothing and fashion trends. You may also want to write on fashion industry jobs that pay well, such as retail sales and fashions designer jobs. These can be considered as well as the popular celebrities that are associated with the fashion industry.Although you don't have to write about anyone specific, in terms of fashion essay topics, you could also have to put a name to a few famous people. You can also write about fashion trends in terms of the latest design concepts. Whatever you choose, it is always better to not fall in the trap of name-calling or picking a favorite celebrity for the essay topic.In fashion essay topics, you need to give a better perspective on some contemporary issues affecting women in general. Since so many women are facing a lot of challenges nowadays, you n eed to write about things that women can do to be more confident in their appearance and style.Women have had to watch out for what was going on in the market and how they could keep up with the major fashion trends. Also, these fashion trends have changed throughout the years. So, it is always better to come up with a specific topic that will make women stay away from falling prey to fads. It is also easier to look at a subject without being a victim of it, especially since there are a lot of hot topics nowadays that need to be covered.There are a number of topics that can help you make a more specific and pertinent social agenda for the essay topic. If you want to know how women can avoid wearing the same clothes for months and how they can look their best, then you could put this down as one of your essay topics. Aside from this, this can also make you know the reasons why you should or shouldn't wear certain clothes.Other topics that you can use for an essay about fashion includ e things that affect the fashion industry. This includes those topics that will be discussed in some classes or workshops.The topics that you are going to write about in fashion essay topics are all inclusive. All you need to do is put together a bit of research to make sure that you come up with the right topics for the essay.

Tess of the DUberville - 1525 Words

Angela Le A3 Book Card Title: Tess of the D’Urbervilles Author: Thomas Hardy Genre (include original copyright date): Tragedy (1891) Setting (remember setting is not just time and place): Victorian Era England, Wessex County, and English peasantry life Characters and Brief Description (include quotes): Tess Durbeyfield: oldest in family, beautiful, naà ¯ve, innocent, immature, runs away from her problems, prioritizes family first, believes anything Angel says. â€Å"Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience.† Angel Clare: handsome, intelligent, youngest of 3 sons, father is a parson, expected to follow the rules of the church but instead rebels because he does not fully agree†¦show more content†¦Later in the book Mrs. Brooks, the caretaker, notices The oblong white ceiling, with this scarlet blot in the midst, had the appearance of a gigantic ace of hearts which is referring to Alec’s blood staining the ceiling being Tess has killed him. Narrative Techniques (include examples, and significance): omniscient point of view to allow reader to understand each character equally, changing settings to match the plot and characters emotion, irony to mock the tragedy like how going to Alec would make her rich but she comes home doomed, motifs to foreshadow like the birds that were hunted were put to death, biblical allusions to mock religion since Hardy doesn’t believe in it. Description and Significance of Opening Scene Jack Durbeyfield founds out it is from a noble knighted family and uses this information to try to get rich quick. He is very excited about this information and decides to brag about it. This shows the significance ancient lineage plays in the setting and how it will be affected by the plot later on. Description and Significance of Closing Scene Tess is executed and a black flag is raised to signify so. This shows the inevitable tragic ending that was always following Tess. There was no escaping fate for her. Plot Details -Jack Durbeyfield found out he is of noble lineage. -Tess accidently kills family horse. -Tess feels obligated toShow MoreRelated Bitterness, Weariness and Impotence in Hardys Tess of the dUbervilles2873 Words   |  12 PagesThomas Hardys Tess of the dUbervilles In his novel Tess of the dUbervilles, as well as much of his poetry, Thomas Hardy expresses his dissatisfaction, weariness, and an overwhelming sense of injustice at the cruelty of our universal fate  - disappointment and disillusionment. Hardy argues that the hopes and desires of Men are cruelly thwarted by a potent combination of all-powerful Nature, fate, unforeseen accidents and disasters, and tragic flaws (Mickelson 32). Although Tess, the heroineRead MoreTess Of DUbervilles Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesTess of d’Ubervilles Tess is a novel, written by Thomas Hardy that communicates the trials of a young Victorian girl trying to make a life for herself. Throughout the novel Tess tries to deal with the terrible tragedies of her past while also coming across new ones. Tess of d’Ubervilles is set in the Victorian Era, and with that comes all the difficulties of that time period. Thomas Hardy was born in a rural part of England called Dorset. He grew up trying to find his place in society and defaultedRead MoreWuthering Heights1424 Words   |  6 PagesAngel and Tess: A Romance Fit For the Books? Romeo and Juliet, Antony and Cleopatra, Napolean and Josephine. Throughout societys entire existence, we have known almost innately that these couples belong together, and yet fate intervened to deal their relationship a tragic blow. Yet readers persist on viewing these couples as the most passionate of all times. What makes them so unique? What makes them so compatible? What makes everyone see them as half of a whole instead of two? These couplesRead MoreFive Themes Of Under The Greenwood Tree By Thomas Hardy1208 Words   |  5 Pagesshown throughout the course of one year during the changing seasons and Changing scene of Mellstock, which is the place of setting in the novel. This particular novel is different from Tess of the D’Uberville, which was depressing and full of depth unlike Under the Greenwood Tree. And in just like his other novel Tess of the D’ Ubervilles it is set in Wessex, which is just his way of looking at England. This novel depicts great pic tures and there is a variety of old fashioned way of living charactersRead MoreJournal Entries - Ap English; How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Foster2571 Words   |  11 Pages19th-century novel Tess of the DUbervilles, the protagonist Tess is a young woman violated by the older Alec DUberville, who steals her innocence and leaves his mark through rape and impregnating her. This corruption is the first of many terrible assaults involving Tess, and it can be understood that this first misfortune caused the others in a cascading domino affect. Alec can be compared to a vampire for his powerful dominance to drain the life out of the victim Tess with his violatingRead MoreEssay on Victorian Age1258 Words   |  6 Pageswrote about the injustices of women. During the age women were treated unfairly as all women of the 1800s. Women were considered as outcasts and the law did not look out for their welfare. Thomas Hardy wrote about the injustices of women in Tess of the dUbervilles(Brown 22). John Stuart Mills wrote On Subjection of Women, extending his area of individual freedom and self reliance of his opinion of how women were treated(24). Victorian poetry was also popular during the Victorian Age. Robert BrowningRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hardy1663 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant ingredient in a novel. As his popularity grew, his readers began to expect more from him. Some of his most known are Under The Greenwood Tree, The Mayor of Casterbridge, A Pair of Blue Eyes, Jude The Obscure, Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the D’Ubervilles, The Hand of 6 Ethelberta, The Trumpet Major, The Well Beloved, Two on a Tower, and his first, Desperate Remedies. amp;#9;Trevor Johnson didn’t mention any negative condemnation so he probably thought Hardy was a successful author.Read MoreLiterary Tendency of Victorian Literature: Special Reference to Lord Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning3101 Words   |  13 PagesTennysons poetry early and late, and in Brownings throughout his career. Charles Dickens certainly was concerned with this theme as evidenced in such novels as Oliver Twist and Great Expectations. Thomas Hardys poignant narrative, Tess of the DUbervilles explores the devastating effects of human alienation and isolation. Many of the works present the life of the lower classes, their miserable plight and lack of social mobility. As a result, Victorian literature became an instrument for socialRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesGwynne, Phillip Deadly, Unna? APB YA Haddon, Mark The curious incident of the dog in the night-time AF, APB YA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Nigh t-time Hardy, Thomas Jude, the obscure AF Hardy, Thomas Tess of the D’Ubervilles AF Hawthorne, Nathaniel The scarlet letter AF Hemingway, Ernest, A clean well-lighted place, in Complete short stories AF Hinton, S.E. Outsiders YA Home and away: Australian stories of belonging and alienation ed. Bennett, Bruce AF Hosseini

Hispanic-American Struggle Essay free essay sample

My name is Emily, and I am currently 17 years old. I am from a small South Texas city. I have faced several obstacles growing up and even though many people thought I couldn’t surpass them, I did. My challenges have only given me the drive to remain focused on my ultimate goal: achieving a higher education. I come from a family of immigrants; therefore I understand the struggles they face. Growing up I never understood why we couldn’t go to Disneyland, or why mom came home only to go straight to bed. Without the proper education she had to work 2-3 jobs just to put food on the table. My mother’s struggle has been such an impactful inspiration for me. My mother had a challenging childhood. At the age of nine years, old she crossed over to the United States, along with my grandmother and my uncle. She became pregnant with me at the age of 17, but despite this challenge she never gave up on her education. We will write a custom essay sample on Hispanic-American Struggle Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She went on to finish high school, but never got to achieve her goal of becoming a nurse because she is an undocumented immigrant. I have always looked up to my mother and grandmother for sacrificing themselves for the well-being of their children. And because of that I have always felt the need to succeed, the need to give back for everything that they have done for me. At the age of 13, I was diagnosed with scoliosis. My doctor said it was too late for me to wear a back brace to correct it because my spine had already grown. It was devastating news, especially for my mother. Surgery was inevitable, the only problem was that my mother couldn’t travel. She took the chance anyway and on May 24th we were headed to Corpus Christi. When we finally arrived at the checkpoint my anxiety hit an all-time high. It was the ugliest feeling not knowing whether I’d have my mother by my side during surgery or not. Everything turned out fine and we checked into the Ronald McDonald house. I had my last meal before surgery at Whataburger that night and waited for the next day to come. The day finally arrived and everything seemed to go by so fast. By the time I knew it I was already going under anesthesia. The last thing I remember seeing was my mother crying for me at the edge of my bed, and her holding on to my hand. Nine hours later I wake up to see the blur of my step-father. I didn’t realize it then but I had been yelling at the top of my lungs in excruciating pain. The next couple of days were pretty harsh, but I still managed to walk on the second day after surgery. I never gave up no matter how bad my back hurt. I spent most of my time trying to gain mobility, because I refused to stay bed bound. The transition back into normal life was difficult, but it wasn’t impossible. I won’t let my physical impairment stop me from fulfilling my dreams. Recently, I’ve had to deal with some personal issues that have made me come to a realization. My biggest achievement has been doing a complete 180 in my life.At the beginning of this year I honestly dont know where Id be heading in life. College wasnt really something that crossed my mind. My mother has always pushed me to make something of myself, and when she saw me heading down hill she pushed even harder. She placed me into a program named L.I.F.E. (Ladies Inspired For Excellence) and it has been the best thing that has happened in my life. Being in the program gave me 8 long months to look over my life make a decision on where Id end up in a couple of years. It has taught me the true meaning of life, family, and school. But most importantly the meaning of myself. My biggest goal in life is to become SOMEBODY. I want to succeed and show the world that Mexican Americans are capable of way more than expected. I want to give back to my family for everything that they have done to help make me the person that I am today. I know that one day I am going to make my mother proud, and live the dream that she never got to achieve. I am ready to take this next step in my education.

The Discrimination Against Women Employees in the Telecommunication Industry

Aims of the Dissertation This dissertation will aim at investigating how women are impacted negatively as a result of employment discrimination in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. Discrimination in this sense means that there are fewer women than men working in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Discrimination Against Women Employees in the Telecommunication Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In investigating this matter, the dissertation will answer the question of whether the discrimination against women employees in the telecommunication industry is justified or unjustified. The dissertation will examine whether discrimination against women working in the industry has a negative impact on them. This research will endeavor to answer the following research questions: Why do telecommunication businesses discriminate a gainst women employees in Europe and Middle East? What mechanisms should be put in place to increase the ratio of women to men working in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East? Methodology The data to be collected in this research is first hand information from women working in the telecommunication industry. The women will give their views and experiences regarding employee discrimination against women in the industry. In collecting the data, the research will consider reviewing secondary sources of information such as government studies. This will provide the researcher with information about any research that has been done by the government in an attempt to get information regarding the telecommunication industry. The kind of research methodology to be used is determined by the nature of the research being conducted. Quantitative research methodology is used when measuring variables or trying to test existing theories and establishing their validity (nsf, n.d) . The collected data is used to formulate new hypothesis on the basis of new evidence. On the other hand, qualitative research is more applicable in understanding meanings, experiences and beliefs about a particular subject. The methodology that this research will heavily rely on in data collection is qualitative data collection because it is varied and provides information in its entirety as long as it is not statistical or numeric. The first qualitative data collection method to be used is conducting interviews. Since the aim of the research is to investigate the negative impact on women arising from their discrimination in telecommunication in Middle East and Europe, it will be crucial to interview a sample of women working in telecommunication industry. This will give first hand information which is the perspective of the women themselves regarding the subject.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An interview will be an effective methodology of collecting information since it first establishes a close relationship between the interviewer and the interviewees. Through interviews, it will also be easy to make follow up when looking for finer details of any interesting piece of information. Sampling is the random picking of a group of people to provide information on a particular subject. The countries from which the samples will be taken include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, and Lebanon. The sample will include wide range of women including employees of operators, vendors and intermediaries. The technique to be used in the research to identify the sample is picking women who have worked in the industry for at least two years. Interview is an effective way of answering the research questions because definitely, from the interviews reasons of why employers discriminate against women in the industry will be given. Through the interviews, women will also be capable of suggesting ways through which they feel that their ratio in the industry can be increased. There are two types of interviews to be used. The first type of interview is a structured interview where a questionnaire is given out to the respondents to fill out the information .The other type of an interview is referred to as in-depth interview which does not involve any rigid questions to be answered. The study will use the structured questionnaire to get answers for some specific questions in order to get uniform results from several respondents. In-depth guided interviews on the other hand will give the respondents a chance to answer questions freely and hold discussions. For the sake of collecting ample information, the research will conduct individual interviews several times. The choice of qualitative data collection as the methodology to be used is backed by the fact that qualitative research has the capacity of providing detailed information regarding the way a gro up of people experiences an issue that is being researched. This type of methodology presents the human part of an issue such as the beliefs, opinions or even the expectations of different people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Discrimination Against Women Employees in the Telecommunication Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The methodology fits in well with the aim of the research of identifying the negative impacts on women of denying them a chance to lead in the telecommunication industry. Women’s being denied leadership opportunities in the telecommunication industry is a sensitive issue that would require closeness in trying to understand the negative side of the matter to them. Such closeness with the respondents in collecting information can only be achieved by using qualitative methods such interviews. Observation at times will also be applicable because in discussing with the wom en, it will also be possible to observe their reactions and emotions. Data analysis is a crucial part towards completion of a study. In this research, data analysis will involve carefully looking at the results from the interviews conducted. From the data provided by the interviewees, the researcher will try to identify the reasons behind discrimination against women employees in telecommunication industry. The analysis will involve identifying some of the ways suggested by interviewees of eliminating the discrimination. In the analysis, the practicality of the research outcomes in solving the real problems in the field will also be evaluated. It is common for research undertakings to present challenges and this research is no exception. The first challenge that might surface is that some of the interviewees may be biased and provide information which is not reliable. This may be as a result of personal dispositions or general unwillingness among some interviewees to participate in the interviews. Another challenge is the financial cost of the research. Although the initial budget has been factored, additional cost may spring up while the research is in progress and this will be a challenge for the researcher Feasibility A successful and comprehensive dissertation requires the researcher to be determined and committed (White, 2004). There are some resources such as books and funding for travel among others that a researcher should ensure are in place before the actual data collection begins. This necessitates a feasibility study to determine whether all the necessary resources for the research are available (White, 2003).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research will use both primary and secondary sources of information. Secondary sources will include books, journals and internet sources while primary data is new information that will be collected from the field. The required resources such as academic texts are available in the online library and other public libraries I have identified. In addition, a trial with a subset of the prospective interviewees has already been conducted and their response is positive towards facilitating the research. The researchers’ employer is understanding and has granted full permission for the research to be conducted. The employer has permitted the researcher to interview the samples during specific working hours. He has also allowed the samples to talk to the researcher during some agreed hours. Travel outside the country is also anticipated hence the travelling cost and permission have been sought. How the Research Fits Existing Published Work Different researchers have conducted vari ous studies focusing on women in the telecommunication industry and how they are either discriminated in some various countries. For example, in 1995, the South African government enacted a policy aimed at providing access to information to all South Africans. According to Schreiner (2011), Bamshela which is a rural town in South Africa is selected to receive the services of a telecenter. It is one of the most underdeveloped regions in South Africa where infrastructure and communication facilities are hard to get. This study is important to the current study because by looking at a case in Africa, this can be used as an example in understanding employment discrimination against women in telecommunications in Europe and Middle East. Women in Bamshela are unfortunate and spend most of their lives in subsistence farming with only a few of them securing positions in the telecommunication industry. Schreiner discovers that there is employment discrimination against women at the telecente r. The study further analyzes the effects of discriminating against women as employees in telecommunication industry (Schreiner, 2011). From Schreiner’s study it was evident that women employed at the telecenter were not less productive than men. This research was conducted using surveys in these regions to collect the information. Secondly, women are discriminated against in telecommunication industry on the basis of race and gender (Robinson Peoples, 1996). Men are given privileges while discriminating against women by denying them a similar chance to work in the industry. Robinson and Peoples (1996) revealed this in their study leading to actions being taken to rectify the disparity. Eventually, the players in the industry started according women positions within the industry. The findings of this research are important in this research because they will give a chance to make comparison. Apart from Europe and Middle East, women discrimination in telecommunication is preva lent in other parts of the world. This will make it easy to approach the case of Middle East and Europe from an informed point of view from the studies in Africa and elsewhere. According to Gordon (1976), there are positive implications of giving women a chance to work in the telecommunication industry. There are numerous challenges that employed people have to contend with to get to their places of work. At times there are transportation problems hence the employees have to plan their time wisely. The challenge becomes more pronounced for women who have to manage their families and their work. Women who have young children encounter problems because the children require their attention. This study is relevant in this research as it highlights how some of these problems can be solved through telecommunication. Women should be given a chance to work in the telecommunication industry since consideration for them to work from home is a possibility. Unless this happens women will contin ue to be less productive (Gordon, 1976). Reasons for Choice of This Topic The first and most important thing that should be done before a researcher decides to research on a dissertation is to identify the topic (ESC, n.d). The principal reason behind the choice of this topic is my interest in it. Apart from the obvious reasons of doing research to earn academic credentials, conducting research on a particular topic is important in making changes to various sectors (Michael, 2011). The choice of the topic of this research is informed by the fact that there has been discrimination against women in the telecommunication industry in Europe and the Middle East. The research conducted during this dissertation will be important to my firm as it can be used to come up with strategies of increasing the ratio of women to men employed in the telecommunication industry. Insights from the research may inspire other firms to take initiatives that will ensure that women secure more employment pos itions in telecommunication industry as it is one of the fastest growing sectors in Europe and Middle East. Milestone Description Due date Remarks 1 Stage 1: Area of interest identified August 03,2011 Completed 2 Stage 2: Specific topic selected August 10,2011 Completed 3 Stage 3: Topic refined to develop dissertation proposal August 17,2011 Completed 4 Stage 4: Proposal written and submitted Sep 14 2011 Completed 5 Stage 5: Collection of data and information October 31 2011 6 Stage 6: Analysis and interpretation of collected data/information Nov 30 2011 7 Stage 7: Writing up Jan 31 2012 8 Stage 8: Final draft prepared – submission of dissertation Feb 15 2011 9 Final Deadline – nine months from classroom date. References Delmon. (n.d). Telecommunication. Web. ESC. (n.d). Developing a Research Question. Web. Michael, D. (2011). Qualitative Research in Information Systems. Web. Sweetman, C. (2000). Gender and technology. New York: Gender and technology. White, B. (2003). Dissertation Skills for Business and Management Students. London: Cengage Learning. White, B. (2002). Writing your MBA Dissertation.london: Cengage Learning. Gordon, F. (1976). Telecommunications:Implications for Women. Original Research , 68-74. Robinson, R., Peoples, J. (1996). Market Structure, Racial and Gender Discrimination. American Journal of Econoics and Sociology , 309-325. Schreiner, H. (2011). Rural Women, Development and Telecommunications: A pilot Programme in South Africa. Web. nsf. (n.d). Overview of Qualitative Methods. Web. Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. New York: Sage. This assessment on The Discrimination Against Women Employees in the Telecommunication Industry was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Inca Empire Demise essays

Inca Empire Demise essays At its height, the Inca empire stretched from modern day Colombia to central Chile, and had about nine to ten million inhabitants, yet in 1532 Francisco Pizarro and a meager 62 horsemen and 102 foot soldiers conquered the empire. Pizarro was able to conquer the Incas not only because of his cunning and ruthlessness, but also because their kingdom was in disarray, therefore, I will discuss what I believe are the three main reasons why the empire fell, and none of them will have anything to do with Francisco Pizarro. My first explanation for the demise of the Incas is their rapid and recent expansion they had gone through only a few decades before Pizarro arrived. Circa 1438 AD Inca Yupanqui (Pachacutec) defeated the Chancas and expanded his empire out of the Cuzco valley. Around 1463 AD, while Inca Yupanqui was busy organizing his conquests and remaking Cuzco, the capital of his empire, his son, Topa Inca, was allowed to take control of the Inca army and continue the task of conquest. During that time, Topa Inca conquered the Northern Highlands of Peru, the Southern and Central Highlands of Ecuador, and then the Northern and Central Coastal areas of Peru. When Inca Yupanqui died around 1471 AD, and Topa Inca became Sapa Inca and took over the empire. During Sapa Incas rule, the empire virtually doubled in size, with the conquest of the lands of the Southern Coast of Peru, the northern half of Chile, Northwest Argentina, and Eastern Bolivia. This was done less than sixty years before Piz arro marched into Cajamarca (Davies 125-129). The successor to Sapa Inca was his son Huayna Capac in 1493 AD. When Topa Inca died ca. 1493 AD, he was succeeded by his son Huayna Capac. The empire had expanded rapidly to absorb millions of people spread over thousands of miles of land, and Huayna Capac had to concentrate much of his effort on quelling various rebellions in the north and defending the large border. Thus, when Huay...

64th Republic Day of India

The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways: It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme’. Republic Day is celebrated most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation’s military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world’s most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland. This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the draft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status’. It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardian of the Constitution. It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit. At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in these records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty’, that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes. During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western. That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other. It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. We have been able under his matchless leadership, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won. Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression. Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence. I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction. We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression. It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration. You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occasional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face. My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day Celebrations Date: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President’s Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day. On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29. The day has acquired the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its right. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag canno t be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India’s military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Minister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate. He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India’s top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services. After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps. After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi. Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand’s first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from Indonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed Khatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susi lo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age. The awards are announced on November 14 (Children’s Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate and cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation. The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children’s Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur. The coveted ‘Bharat Award’ will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra’ award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh LalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M. National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset. Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole’. After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me’ is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings. Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi taranga Tava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central theme of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell. The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation. PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 64th Republic Day of India The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Republic Day is a people’s day in a variety of ways: It’s when regional identity takes a backseat and what matters most is the universal appeal of unity and brotherhood projected by all Indians. The Indian constitution basically stands for the aspirations which ‘the common man of India’ cherishes. Republic Day is a day of the citizen of the country when he is entitled to be ‘all supreme’. Republic Day is celebrated most majestically in the capital, New Delhi, where symbols of the great nation’s military might and cultural wealth are displayed in what is the world’s most impressive parade. All Government buildings are illuminated lending the city the atmosphere of a fairyland. This day is celebrated with much zeal and pride all across the nation. Republic Day Significance India gained independence on August 15, 1947. But till January 26, 1950, it did not have the proper law of the land for ruling the country. On 26th January, 1950 the constitution of India came into force and India became a nation state with sovereignty and republic sense. Our constitution was formed by the Indian Constituent Assembly. The Indian Constituent Assembly met on December 9, 1946. The Assembly appointed a number of committees to report on the various aspects of the proposed constitution. The Constituent Assembly had appointed Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman to draft the Constitution. The committee finalized the draft with 395 Articles and eight Schedules and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. The Indian Republic officially came into being on January 26, 1950. January 26 was not some random date picked out of the calendar. It was on this date in 1927, that the Indian National Congress, then fighting its non-violent war for freedom, voted for complete independence as against ‘Dominion Status’. It was the date when members of the Indian National Congress took the pledge to work towards a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ of India. The Indian Constitution, the longest in the world, now consist of 397 articles and 12 schedules which provides for a single citizenship for the whole of India. It gives the right to vote to all the citizens of 18 years and above, unless they are disqualified. Fundamental rights are guaranteed to the citizens, equality of religion and so on. The Supreme Court, consisting of the Chief Justice of India and other judges, are the guardian of the Constitution. It stands at the apex of a single integrated judicial system for the whole country. This is where the fundamental rights of the citizens are protected. 26 January 1950 It was on 26 January, 1950 that the constitution of India came into force and India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. It was on the same day that Dr. Rajendra Prasad took oath as the first President of India. Read here the first speech delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the President of India on 26th January, 1950. â€Å"It is a great day for our country. India has had a long and chequered history; parts of it were cloudy and parts bright and sunlit. At no period, even during the most glorious eras of which we have record, was this whole country brought under one Constitution and one rule. We have mention of many Republics in our books and our historians have been able to make out a more or less connected and co-ordinated piece out of the incidents and the places which are mentioned in these records. But these Republics were small and tiny and their shape and size was perhaps the same as that of the Greek Republics of that period. We have mention of Kings and Princes, some of whom are described as ‘Chakravarty’, that is, a monarch whose suzerainty was acknowledged by other Princes. During the British period, while acknowledging the suzerainty of Britain, the Indian Princes continued to carry on the administration of their territories in their own way. It is for the first time today that we have inaugurated a Constitution which extends to the whole of this country and we see the birth of a federal republic having States which have no sovereignty of their own and which are really members and parts of one federation and one administration. His Excellency the Ambassador of the Netherlands has been pleased to refer to the relations and connections of this country with other countries both Eastern and Western. That relationship, so far as this country is concerned, has always been one of friendliness. Our ancestors carried the message of our teachers far and wide and established cultural ties which have withstood the ravages of time and still subsist while Empires have crumbled and fallen to pieces. Our ties subsist because they were not of iron and steel or even of gold but of the silken cords of the human spirit, India has had to face, on many occasions, assaults and invasions by foreigners and she has very often succumbed. But, there is not a single instance of a military invasion or aggressive war by this country against any other. It is therefore in the fitness of things and a culmination of our own cultural traditions that we have been able to win our freedom without bloodshed and in a very peaceful manner. The Father of our Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was not a freak of nature but the physical embodiment and consummation of the progress of that spirit of non-violence which has been our great heritage. We have been able under his matchless leadership, not only to regain our lost freedom but also to establish and strengthen the bonds of friendship with those — and our thanks are due to them for it — against whose policy we have fought and won. Our Constitution is a democratic instrument seeking to ensure to the individual citizens the freedoms which are so invaluable. India has never prescribed or prosecuted opinion and faith and our philosophy has room as much for a devotee of a personal god, as for an agnostic or an atheist. We shall, therefore, be only implementing in practice under our Constitution what we have inherited from our traditions, namely, freedom of opinion and expression. Under the new set-up, which we are inaugurating today, we hope to live up to the teachings of our Master and help in our own humble way in the establishment of peace in the world. Our attitude towards all countries is one of utmost friendliness. We have no designs against any one, no ambition to dominate others. Our hope is that others also will have no designs against us. We have had bitter experience of aggression by other countries in the past and can only express the hope that it may not be necessary for us to take any measures even in self-defence. I know the world today is passing through a most uncertain and anxious period. Two world wars within one generation, with all their devastation and aftermath of suffering and sorrow, have not been able to convince it that a war can never bring about the end of wars. It is, therefore, necessary to seek the end of wars in positive acts of goodness towards all and the world must learn to utilize all its resources for productive and beneficial purposes and not for destruction. We do venture to think that this country may have a past to play in establishing this goodwill and atmosphere of confidence and co-operation. We have inherited no old enmities. Our republic enters the world stage, therefore, free from pride and prejudice, humbly believing and striving that in international as well as internal affairs our statesmen may be guided by the teachings of the Father of our Nation — tolerance, understanding non-violence and resistance to aggression. It is in such a country and at such a time that it has pleased the representatives of our people to call me to this high office. You can easily understand my nervousness which arises not only from the tremendousness of the task with which our newly won freedom is confronted but also from a consciousness that I succeed in this sphere of activity, though not in office, one who has played such a conspicuous part not only during the period of strife and struggle but also during the period of constructive activity and active administration. You know Sri Chakravarty Rajagopalachari and have experience of his incisive intellect, great learning, practical wisdom and sweetness of manners. It has been my privilege to have been associated with him for more than 30 years and although we might have had occasional differences of opinion on some vital matters but never have our personal relations suffered by setback and I feel sure that I shall continue to enjoy the benefit of his protective advice in whatever crises I may have to face. My nervousness and anxiety are to no small extent countered by a consciousness that I shall be the recipient of fullest confidence from our Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet and the Legislature and from the people at large. I shall Endeavour my best to earn and deserve that confidence. Let me also hope that this country will be able to win the confidence of other nations and secure such assistance as it may require in times of need. I have great pleasure in responding to the toast which has been proposed. † Republic Day Celebrations Date: January 26 (Every Year) Venue: India Gate Highlights: President’s Speech, Parade and Caravans (Jhakiyan) of different states This is one of the most colorful and prestigious national festivals and the presence of dignitaries like the President of India, the Prime Minister of India, Union Ministers and foreign delegates also add to the dignity of the celebration. Celebration of Republic Day is different than Independence Day. The difference in significance marks the variation in the pattern of celebration of these two national days. It is a people’s day. On Independence Day, the past is recalled whereas, on Republic Day, the pledge is renewed. Independence Day has rhetoric built in the celebration; Republic Day is without speeches. Republic Day is celebrated all over the country at all the administrative units like the capital cities, district headquarters, sub divisions, talukas, and panchayats. The major ceremonies are held at Delhi and the state capitals. The celebration mood lasts for one week. It consists of the ground preparations, rehearsals, the main display which spills over to the ‘Beating of Retreat’ on January 29. The day has acquired the status of a social celebration in which people participate whole-heartedly. The celebration mosaic is studded with activities. Though the Republic Day Parade is the main ceremony, various activities are held from early morning when prabhat pheris (morning rounds) followed by a homage to Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of Nation. The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. ‘At Home’ functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate’s and at the SDM’s are followed by illumination of public buildings at the provincial capitals and administrative headquarters. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory in which children also take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The parades held on the day traditionally predominates a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might, technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parades symbolizes the might; the tableaux reflects the cultural motifs. Rules for Flag Hoisting in India â€Å"A flag is a necessity for all nations. Millions have died for it. It is no doubt a kind of idolatry which would be a sin to destroy. For, a flag represents an Ideal The unfurling of the Union Jack evokes in the English breast sentiments whose strength it is difficult to measure. The Stars and Stripes mean a world to the Americans. The Star and the Crescent will call forth the best bravery in Islam. † â€Å"It will be necessary for us Indians Muslims, Christians Jews, Parsis, and all others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for. † ~ Mahatma Gandhi The Indian Flag is a national symbol and it is respected by every citizen of India. There are certain points to remember while hoisting the Indian Flag. The Indian Flag should be hoisted with the saffron colour on the top. * There should be no flag or emblem either above the National Flag or on its right. * If there are multiple flags to be hoisted, they must be placed to the left of the Indian Flag. * During the hoisting of the National Flag, all present must stand to give respect and honour its glory. * The flag canno t be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft. * The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. The National Flag should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather. It must be taken out before sunset. Republic Day Parade The main celebrations of Republic Day are held in the form of a colourful parade near India Gate in Delhi. The parade showcasing India’s military might and cultural diversity covers a 8 km route, starting from the Rashtrapati Bhavan through the picturesque Rajpath down to India Gate before winding up at the historic Red Fort in Old Delhi. The events of the day begin with the Prime Minister laying a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti – India Gate. He then drives up to the central enclosure and awaits the arrival of the President and a Chief Guest of the occasion who is normally a Head of other Country. On his arrival the Hon’ble President meets the dignitaries present and unfurls the National Flag. Following this the National Anthem is played with a 21-gun salute to the National Flag. After this a brief investiture ceremony takes place during which the President presents India’s top gallantry awards, the Param Veer Chakra, the Veer Chakra and the Maha Veer Chakra to the outstanding soldiers from the defense services. After this, four helicopters from the armed forces fly past the parade area showering rose petals on the audience. Each chopper carries a flag – the first being the Indian flag and the other three the flags of the Army, the Navy, and the Indian Air Force. The march past begins immediately after the fly past. The President, as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute of the mechanised, mounted and marching contingents of the Army, Air Force, Navy, Paramilitary forces, Police and the National Cadet Corps. After the march past comes the cultural extravaganza consisting of floats presented by the various states and performances by school children. After the floats, the bravery awards winning children from all over the country enter on elephants. A spectacular fly-past by Air Force and Naval aircraft rounds off this not-to-be missed experience. The parade is followed by a pageant of spectacular displays from the different states of the country. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion. No other country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallantry. Republic Day Chief Guests Since 1950, India has been inviting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honor for Republic Day celebrations and parade in New Delhi. Selecting the Chief guests for the Republic Day has more than mere ceremonial reasons. The choice of chief guest every year is dictated by a number of reasons such as strategic and diplomatic, business interest and international geo-politics. Recently India has been inviting dignitaries from South East Asia with the latest being Thailand’s first women Prime Minister, Yingluck Shinawatra. Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said will be the chief guest for Republic Day Celebrations 2013 Here is the list of Chief Guests invited as the Guest of Honor for the Republic Day ceremony held in Delhi. 950 President Sukarno from Indonesia 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck of Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad of Pakistan 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying of People’s Republic of China 1960 President Kliment Voroshilov of Soviet Union 1961 Queen Elizabeth II from United Kingdom 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid of Pakistan 1968 Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin of Soviet Union President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov of Bulgaria 1971 President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam of Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire 1974 President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia 1975 President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek of Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery of Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of Australia 1980 President Valery Giscard d’Estaing of France 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I of Spain 1983 President Shehu Shagari of Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 985 President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou of Greece 1987 President Alan Garcia of Peru 1988 President Junius Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh of Vietnam 1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth of Mauritius 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom of Maldives 1992 President Mario Soares of Portugal 1993 Prime Minister John Major of United Kingdom 1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong of Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela of South Africa 1996 President Dr. Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil 997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday of Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac of France 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev of Nepal 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria 2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem of Mauritius 2003 President Mohammed Khatami of Iran 2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva of Brazil 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin of Russia 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy of France 009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan 2010 President Lee Myung Bak of Republic of Korea 2011 P resident Susi lo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand 2013 Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said Al Said Republic Day Awards The national awards for bravery or the National Bravery Awards was started in 1957 by the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) to recognize and honor children who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice. Every year the ICCW confers these awards to children below 16 years of age. The awards are announced on November 14 (Children’s Day) and the Prime Minister presents the awards on the eve of Republic Day. The awardees receive a medal, certificate and cash as a token of their indispensable courage. These children also take part in the Republic Day Parade atop an elephant. In addition to this, some of them are also granted financial assistance to complete their schooling and professional courses such as medical and engineering (under the Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme). Assistance is also provided to some till they complete their graduation. The Central and State government departments, Panchayats, Zila Parishads, State and Union Territory councils for Child Welfare and also the school authorities have the responsibility of acknowledging the applications for the bravery award. The selection is made by a committee constituted by the ICCW, comprising of representatives from the Secretariats of the President and the Vice-President, various ministries, as well as the Central Social Welfare Board, police, All India Radio, Doordarshan and leading NGOs such as the National Bal Bhavan, SOS, Children’s Villages of India, R K Mission and experienced ICCW members. In 1978, the Indian Council for Child Welfare instituted two bravery awards for children under the age of 16, the Sanjay Chopra Award and the Geeta Chopra Award, given each year along with the National Bravery Award. Bravery Awards 2013 The list of Bravery Award winners for the year 2013 was announced by the ICCW on January 18th, 2013. The award is to be conferred to 22 brave children from all parts of the country, the youngest recipient being 7-year-old Koroungamba Kuman from Manipur. The coveted ‘Bharat Award’ will be awarded to Tarang Atulbhai Mistry from Gujarat and 11-year-old Gajendra Ram from Chhattisgarh is being felicitated with ‘Sanjay Chopra’ award. NameAwardState Renu Geeta Chopra AwardDelhi Gajendra Ram Sanjay Chopra AwardChhattisgarh Tarang Atulbhai MistryBharat AwardGujarat Vijay Kumar SainikBapu Gaidhani AwardUttar Pradesh Akanksha GauteBapu Gaidhani AwardChhattisgarh Hali Raghunath BarafBapu Gaidhani AwardMaharashtra RamdintharaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram Devansh TiwariNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh Mukesh NishadNational Bravery AwardsChhattisgarh LalrinhluaNational Bravery AwardsMizoram E. SuganthanNational Bravery AwardsTamil Nadu Ramith. K,National Bravery AwardsKerala Mebin CyriacNational Bravery AwardsKerala Vishnu M. V. National Bravery AwardsKerala Koroungamba KumanNational Bravery AwardsManipur Sameep Anil PanditNational Bravery AwardsMaharashtra Viswendra LohknaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Satendra LohkanaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Pawan Kumar KanaujiyaNational Bravery AwardsUttar Pradesh Stripleaseman MylliemNational Bravery AwardsMeghalaya Sapna Kumari MeenaNational Bravery AwardsRajasthan Suhail K. M. National Bravery AwardsKarnataka Gallantry Awards Soldiers, who have performed outstanding deeds of bravery and selfless sacrifice, are awarded the bravery medals, Param Vir Chakra, Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra. Each defense service in India have there own set of gallantry awards that are awarded to the soldiers who have shown courage and valor. Beating Retreat After three days of Republic Day parade, a moving ceremony known as â€Å"Beating Retreat† is held at the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi. This ceremony revives an ancient war custom according to which troops used to stop fighting at sunset. Bugles announcing the sunset would sound in the battlefield. As soon as soldiers heard these bugles they would stand still in the battlefield and war would be stopped for the day. This ceremony held on the 29th of January every year, marks the formal end of the Republic Day celebrations. The ceremony opens with a parade by selected contingents of the armed forces set to scintillating performances by the various armed forces bands. The parade climaxes with all the bands playing in unison. As the bands fall silent, a lone trumpeter picks up the moving tune ‘Siki a mole’. After this performance the hymn ‘Abide with me’ is played by the Massed Bands. This hymn, said to be Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite, is a permanent feature of the ceremony. At exactly 6 pm, the buglers sound the retreat and the National Flag is lowered to the National Anthem bringing the Republic Day celebrations to a formal end. One by one, the camels and the riders who stand stone-like throughout against the backdrop of the sky, move away from the background. Just after this comes the most visually appealing part of the show. With the click of a button, a thousand bulbs light up the Rashtrapati Bhavan and adjoining buildings. Surely a fitting end to the annual celebrations of the Indian republic! National Anthem of India The National Anthem of India is ‘Jana Gana Mana’ which was written and composed by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. It was first sung at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress on December 27, 1911. It was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDIA Jana gana mana adhinayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Punjaba Sind Gujarata Maratha Dravida Utkala Banga Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Ganga Ucchala jaladhi taranga Tava subha name jage Tava subha asisa mage Gahe tava jaya gatha Jana gana mangala dayaka jaya he Bharata bhagya vidhata Jaya he jaya he jaya he Jaya jaya jaya jaya he! Translation into English Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people, Dispenser of India’s destiny. Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sind, Gujarat and Maratha, Of the Dravida and Orissa and Bengal; It echoes in the hills of the Vindhyas and Himalayas, mingles in the music of Jamuna and Ganges and is chanted by the waves of the Indian Sea. They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise. The saving of all people waits in thy hand, Thou dispenser of India’s destiny. Victory, victory, victory, Victory to thee. Preamble to the Constitution of India Just as every book we read comes with a preface, which gives us a brief outline and the central theme of that book, so is the case with the preamble of Indian Constitution. The Preamble being the preface of the constitution lays down the basic makeup of the Constitution. The Indian Preamble highlights the type of society and government it wishes India and Indians to have. For this, it has tried to incorporate the objectives of the Constitution in a nutshell. The Preamble of the constitution has used the noblest words which symbolize the highest principles and values of human creativity and experience. World over, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution is regarded highly for its originality in wholeness of approach in dealing with so many subjects. The Indian preamble wishes India to be a country where there should be no high class and low class of citizens; an India in which all communities will co-exist in perfect harmony. Interestingly, the Indian Constitution is the longest of all the constitutions by any other nation. PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, are having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Find a clear thesis topic related to the Effects of Child Labor Essay

Find a clear thesis topic related to the Effects of Child Labor - Essay Example It has been a long road trying to deal with these issues, but law makers have managed to come up with the needed laws to deal with people who include children in employment (Chapter 2, 2000). Child labor regulations in the U.S. take in numerous rules and statutes regulating the employment of children below the age of 18. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, child labor regulations concern those below the age of 12 in an array of jobs (Chapter 2, 2000). The core law regulating child labor body in the U.S. is the Fair Labor Standards Act. For non-agricultural jobs, for instance, children below the age of 12 may not be employed, children from 12 to 16 might be employed in permitted occupations during partial hours, and children from 16 to 18 might be employed for unrestricted hours in harmless jobs. Numerous exceptions to these regulations are present like employment by parents, child actors and newspaper delivery (Chapter 2, 2000). Also, child labor has led to the establishment of movements against child labor or groups that advocate for proper conditions for children incorporated in the vocation field (Chapter 2, 2000). This is a matter that if let out of control ca n have stern consequences and; hence, regulatory bodies should ensure that the rules are followed

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay - 7

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay Example The Bush administration chose U.S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as a legal black hole to burr detainees from trials. Detainees serving indefinite time in the detention center have gone untried and others released without clear legal grounds as to why they served time in the first place. Reflecting back on the relevance of the habeas corpus, the US Constitution provides that detainees have the right to hearings in court to prove their guilt or innocence. With reference to humanity, fairness, justice, and freedom to equal human rights, habeas corpus provides grounds for appraising executive authority while upholding the relevance of US constitutional provisions. The right of habeas corpus is an English common law product. Its fundamental relevance is to create means of summoning individuals before the central courts. In the 14th century, habeas corpus was used to enquire into the grounds of an individual’s detention by local courts. In the 16th century, courts applied habeas corpus to enquire into the detentions ordered by the King’s Privy Council (a body blending judicial and executive powers). In the 17th century, parliament made steps to strengthen the relevance of habeas corpus bringing the King’s acts into its scope, hence, creating the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 (Habeas Corpus Act, 1679). With developments in English Law, habeas corpus was exported to most of Britain’s colonies. As the earliest constitutional guarantee, habeas corpus occurred in the US in 1789. Its relevance to both the English and the American Law is that it aims at providing mechanisms to bring a detained individual before a judge to protect the individual’s physical integrity. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, following a 1987 advisory opinion, argued that the habeas corpus performed a vital role in the protection of

Banning Cars Essay -- Papers benefits pros cons Essays Vehicle

Banning Cars There are always two sides of the story. In this essay I am going show the good points and the bad points about banning cars. Many things have to be considered before a change of this magnitude can happen. I will also express my own opinion to show what a person of the public would think of the change. ====================================================================== The good points weigh out the bad points by a long way. One big reason for this is pollution and the environment. The environment has been effected by cars and their pollution from the time cars were invented. The pollution that comes from cars is made up of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and many other poisonous gases. This kills plants and animals and destroys the ozone layer. The pollution forms a layer in the atmosphere which, keeps the heat in causing global warming and is dangerous to the earth. If cars were banned the demand for petrol would be no where near as much as before. This would mean not as much oil would ...

Impact of Industrialization on Environment

Impact of Industrialization on Environment OVERVIEW Centuries ago, when there was no active expanding of large cities and industries, nature was able to overcome pollution and keep air fairly clean without outside help. The wind and rain in the form of natural rescuers scattered gases and washed away the dust. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization, the nature’s system cannot cope with pollution and clean the environment naturally. In comparison with volcanoes, hurricanes, forest fires and other natural disasters, people produce much more wastes that pollute the atmosphere.Thus, the negative impact of industrialization and urbanization processes on the environment is drastic and quite far-reaching. Industrialization in the name of growth has loaded tremendous pressure on environment. Industrialization & environment in the developing countries tries to run hand to hand. But knowingly or unknowingly, industrialization ran faster without caring for environmen t to win the race. The pace of industrialization has increased several folds in last decade.Since the beginning of 19th century people have begun to actively use natural resources and intervene in the sector of biosphere – a living part of our planet. Only for the last 100 years, the development of industry has resulted in industrial processes, negative consequences that people could not even predict. Cities with a population of one million or more appeared and their expansion cannot be stopped. This is the result of great inventions and achievements of mankind. Little by little, we have changed our atmosphere and its chemistry.Nowadays factories are spread around the world and air pollution has become an integral part of our life. Effect: Industrial effluents: Effluent in the artificial sense is in general considered to be water pollution, such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or the waste water discharge from industrial facilities. Over 73 million days are lo st annually due to water related diseases. An effluent sump pump, for instance, pumps waste from toilets installed below a main sewage line. Waste water treatment a plant, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent.This cleaner effluent is then used to feed the bacteria in bio-filters. A thermal power station, the output of the cooling system may be referred to as the effluent cooling water, which is noticeably warmer than the environment. Effluent only refers to liquid discharge. Polluted air: Air pollution refers to the presence of chemical, biological, and particulate matter, and pollutants in the atmosphere around the living spaces. When inhaled, it affects the human biological system, and takes a toll on the quality of life, with the onslaught of a number of respiratory tract disorders.It is a condition triggered by the presence of air-borne pollutants in the air we breathe. These pollutants could either be the result of chemical emissions or the particulate material from biological waste. The condition has reached alarming proportions in the modern world, with large-scale industrialization and vehicle-emissions being the primary culprits. The pollutants that are air-borne cause a lot of harm to humans and animals, other than permanent damage to the natural environment. Effects of Air Pollution on Humans:Cardiopulmonary Disease, Pneumonia, Premature Mortality, Heart Attack, Asthma, Difficulty in Breathing, Wheezing and Coughing, Acute Vascular Dysfunction, Thrombosis / Thrombus Formation, Cystic Fibrosis etc. Noise pollution: Due to the growing noise pollution and industrialization, male birds have to change their tune. Basically, to be heard above the noise of modern day living, to communicate with female birds in hopes to get together and procreate, they often have to sing at a higher pitch.The problem is this is becoming less appealing to the female birds, leaving scientists to worry about what this will eventually do to the mating and population of such birds. Greenhouse gas effect: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.Solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, iso lating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convectionAs described above, World over, the industries are becoming increasingly concerned about achieving and demonstrating their environmental performance because of the growing compulsions from tough legislations and mounting public pressures. Environmental disasters such as Bhopal tragedy, Rhine pollution , Chernobyl disaster, acid rain damage ,Ozone Layer Depletion has led to growing public pressures on governments all over the world Which started imposing stringent legislation with severe penalties in environmental issues environmental & safety system.These standards do not lay down specific environmental performance criteria, these are system standards. Which describes the management of environment based on company’s environmental policy , objectives and targets defined on the basis of their significant environmental effects . Industry is becoming increasingly concerned about achieving and demonstra ting sound environmental performance because of growing compulsions from stringent legislation and Mounting public pressure. There was a time, not long ago, when the harm caused in environment due to human and industrial activities was no body’s concern.Pollutants affect not only living environment but also social, cultural, political and aesthetic values. In the recent years there is a growing alertness against this environmental pollution. On the one hand the advancements of science & Technology have added to the human comforts by giving us automobiles, electrical appliance better medicine, better chemical to control harmful insects and pest but on the Approach for Assessing Environment other hand they gave us a very serious problem to face pollution.The continued increase in the pollution coupled with the industrial revolution has had the vital impact on natural resources. The resultant deterioration of environment and fast depletion of natural resources threaten the susta inability of economic development. One of the most pressing and complex challenges facing by our generation are to search out a workable synthesis between economic development and environmental behavior. So friends we need to compromise our needs to maintain a harmony between these two entities i. e. Industry & Environment.